04/01/14 Developmental Psychology Ctd.

• Reflexes- inborn automatic responses.
• Rooting reflex- babies tendency when touched on the cheek to open the mouth and search for the nipple. I.e: sucking.
• Grasping- Trying to reach whats near them.
• Maturatuon
• Physical growth, regardless of the environment.
• Puberty
• The period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing.
• Primary Sexual Characteristics 
• Body structures that make reproduction possible,
• Secondary and Sexual Characteristics.
• Non- reproductive sexual characteristics.
• Landmarks of Puberty
• Menarche for girls.
• First ejaculation for boys (Spermarche)
• Physical Milestones
• Menopause
• Death (5 Stages of death/ grief)
1. Denial
2. Anger
3. Bargaining
4. Depression 
5. Acceptance
• Social Development
• Up until a year, infants do nor mind strange people.
• Stranger Anxiety- Infant encounters a stranger and they exhibit anxiety.
• Separation Anxiety- Whenever a child is separated from their parents. Ex: Putting kids in a day care.
• Harry Harlow and his monkeys
• When you are separated from someone, you tend to be close to someone or something similar to them. 
• Critical Periods- The optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produce proper development
• Those who are deprived of touch have trouble forming  attachment when they are older. 
• Types of Attachment
1. Secure- When parents go to work and you are comfortable with who you are left with.
2. Avoidant
3. Anxious/ Ambivalent- Excited to see them come in, then give them the cold shoulder.
• Parenting Styles
• Authoritarian parents- Parents are in charge.
• Permissive Parents- Kids are in charge.
• Authoritative Parents- Parents and kids compromise.
• Erik- Erikson- Social Development
• A neo- freudian.
• Worked with Anna Freud.
• Thought our personality was influenced by our experiences with others.
• Trust vs. Mistrust- From 0-2 years of age.
• They trust or mistrust they develop can carry on with the child for the rest of their lives.
• Autonory v. Shame and Doubt
• Toddlers begin to control their bodies.
• Control temper tantrums
• Big word is No.
• Inflative v. Guilt- Age 3-6 years of age.
• Words turns from no to why
• Want to understand the world and ask questions.
• Industry v. Inferiority- Age 6-12 years of age.
• School begins
• We are for the first time evaluated bu a formal system and our peers.
• Can lead to us feeling bad about ourselves for the rest of their lives... inferiority complex.
• Identity V. Role Confusion- Early teens 13-15 years
• Who am I?
• In our teenage years we try out different roles.
• Intimacy v. Isolation
• Have to balance work and relationships
• What are my priorities?
• Generativity v. Stagnation- Middle adult (40's- 50's)
• Is everything going as planned? 
• Mid- Life crisis
• Integrity v. Despair- Older adults, senior citizens
• Look back on life
• Was my life meaningful or do I have regret?
• Cognitive Development
• It was thought that kids were just stupid versions of adults.
• Came along Jean Piaget.
• Kids learn differently than adults.
• Schemas
• Children view the world through schemas.
• Understanding the world around us.
• Schemas are ways we interpret the world around us.
• Basically what you picture in your head when you think of anything.
• Assimilation
• Incorporating new experiences into existing schemas.
• Accommodation
• Changing an existing schema to adopt a new information
• Stages of Cognitive Development- Jean Piaget
1. Sensorimotor Stage
• Experience the world through our senses.
• Do not have object permanence
• 0-2 years of age.
2. Preoperational Stage
• 2-7 Years of age
• Have object permanence
• Begin to use language to represent objects and ideas.
• Egocentric: Cannot look at the world through anyone's eyes but their own,
• Conservation: refers to the idea that a quantity remains the same despite changes in appearance and is part of logical thinking.
3. Concrete Operational Stage
• Can demonstrate concept of conservation.
• Learn to think logically. 
4. Formal Operational Stage
• Abstract Reasoning
• Manipulate objects in our minds without seeing them.
• Hypothesis Testing
• Trial and Error
• Metacognition.
• Nor every adult gets to this stage.
• Types of Intelligence.
• Crystalized Intelligence
• Accumulated knowledge.
• Increases with age.
• Fluid Intelligence
• Ability to solve problems quickly and think abstractly. 
• Peaks in the 20's and then decreases over time.
• Moral Development- Three stages by Lawrence Kohlbergh
1. Pre- Conventional Morality
• Morality based on rewards and punishments.
• IF you are rewarded then it is ok.
• If you are punished, the act must be wrong.
2. Conventional Morality
• Look at morality based on how others see you.
• If your peers, or society, thinks it is wrong, then so do you.
3. Post- Conventional Morality
• Based on self- defined ethical principles.
• Your own personal set of ethics.